I remember back a couple of years ago, someone posted a "How To" to get this effect , but I don't seem to be able to find it, so I thought I'd ask here.
-Create a panoramic view
-Flip upside down
-distort to a square shape
-Apply the polar coordinates filter
It works better with a 360 degree panorama, that way your planet ball actually appears round and the ends match up. This one of mine was not done from a 360 and is not nearly as good as the above challenge entry.