Are you using the flash in iTTL mode? if so, it should show you on the back of the flash the range that will be properly exposed by the flash. Play with the ISO, shutter speed and f-stop to get the range where you need it, if the light is low, you might need 1600 ISO. Also, make sure you're using a high enough shutter speed. 1/250 can sometimes work, but try to get it to 1/500 (or higher if the SB-600 will sync at higher speeds).
Also, shoot wide open apertures - I recommend shooting Manual mode (camera) to ensure you're getting the exposures you want. The wide aperture will give you the most light and will throw your backgrounds out of focus. What lens are you using btw? For low light settings, an 80-200 f/2.8 should work nicely.
Lastly, what focus mode are you using? AF-C is best for sports shooting.
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